Aaron Toponce : ZFS Administration, Part IX- Copy-on-write
Merkle trees are nothing more than cryptographic hash trees, invented by Ralph Merkle. In order to understand a Merkle tree, we will start from the bottom, and work our way up the tree. Suppose you have 4 data blocks, block 0, block 1, block 2 and block 3. Each block is cryptographically hashed, and their hash is stored in a node, or "hash block". Each data block has a one-to-one relationship with their hash block. Let's assume the SHA-256 cryptographic hashing algorithm is the hash used. Suppose further that our four blocks hash to the following:
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