砝码称重问题,因式分解有妙用 | 科学人 | 果壳网 科技有意思



砝码称重问题,因式分解有妙用 | 科学人 | 果壳网 科技有意思

如果天平两端都允许放砝码,并且假定所有的砝码都是整数克。为了称出从 1 克到 40 克 所有整数克 的物品,最少需要几个砝码?

感兴趣的读者不妨自己先试着想想,再往下看。

秘密在于 3 的幂

说起来这个问题历史还算是挺悠久的。据《数学游戏与欣赏》( [英] 劳斯・鲍尔 [加] 考克斯特 著,杨应辰等 译),这个问题被称作巴协 (Bachet) 砝码问题;而据《数学聊斋》(王树禾著),该问题至少可追溯到 17 世纪法国梅齐里亚克 (Meziriac, 1624) 。他们给出的答案是:


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