斐波那契堆(Fibonacci heaps) | 酷~行天下



斐波那契堆同二项堆一样,也是一种可合并堆。斐波那契堆的优势是:不涉及删除元素的操作仅需要O(1)的平摊运行时间(关于平摊分析的知识建议看《算法导论》第17章)。和二项堆一样,斐波那契堆由一组树构成。这种堆松散地基于二项堆,说松散是因为:如果不对斐波那契堆做任何DECREASE-KEY 或 DELETE 操作,则堆中每棵树就和二项树一样;但是如果执行这两种操作,在一些状态下必须要破坏二项树的特征,比如DECREASE-KEY或DELETE 后,有的树高为k,但是结点个数却少于2k。这种情况下,堆中的树不是二项树。

     与二项堆相比,斐波那契堆同样是由一组最小堆有序树构成,但是斐波那契堆中的树都是有根而无序的,也就是说,单独的树满足最小堆特性,但是堆内树与树之间是无序的,如下图。

     对于斐波那契堆上的各种可合并操作,关键思想是尽可能久地将工作推后。例如,当向斐波那契堆中插入新结点或合并两个斐波那契堆时,并不去合并树,而是将这个工作留给EXTRACT-MIN操作。


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